The nurses' responsability in the prevention of medication errors Essay

The attendants' responsability in the anticipation of medicine blunders - Essay Example With the quantity of claims ascending in the nation in regards to clinical acts of neglect, the nature of care needs not be accepted, and should consistently be considered as a vital angle in clinical practice (Reason, 2000). The creator keeps on argueing that clinical specialists have confronted disciplinary issues, disgrace and dangers because of acts of neglect. Nurses’ job Since attendants are significant players in offering clinical consideration, they are worried about the wellbeing of a person from the beginning of drug as far as possible (Cohen, 2007). In light to this contention, it is contended that attendants assume the significant job of guaranteeing that they comprehend the central point that lead to blunders in the clinical arrangement. This job of anticipation of mistakes is pivotal in the counteraction of clinical blunders (Cohen, 2007). Among these blunders are comprehensive of wrong counts of clinical doses, ill-advised interviews, freshness, and inability to hold fast to the set conventions among others (Cohen, 2007). With these roads of clinical mistakes set up, the nature of clinical help is then risked. For this situation, the attendant should assume the significant job of guaranteeing that they limit the roads of springing up of clinical mistakes as could be expected under the circumstances. A genuine model is that of the nurses’ conversance with the FEMA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) that has been instrumental in easing chemotherapy blunders (Hartranft, Sheridan-Leos and Schulmeister, 2006). Medical attendants can think of considerations on the most proficient method to shield the security of the patient consideration. In spite of the way that, Cohen (2007) demonstrates that the medical caretakers are for the most part constrained by the administration to cause a portion of these blunders, they are ought to be on the bleeding edge to guarantee that they limit the same number of difficulties as they can. Besides, in the clinical setting, they should have tremendous trial information in the concerned field (Cohen, 2007). This permits the attendants have a major image of the whole case, in every case counter check the clinical history of a patient before making any type of end (Cima, ?2011). This implies, the attendant can offer help by supporting for patient’s security; in this manner, counteraction of the event of any type of postponement in the foundation. For this situation, Cima (?2011) demonstrates that collaboration is conceivable, just as including administration as a topic that permits medical caretakers depict the different systems of managing nurses’ blunders. Thirdly, the medical attendants assume the job of finding the number and sort of blunders they make over the span of obligation. As contended by Hwang et. al (2008), a dominant part of the mistakes made by medical caretakers are comprehensive of poor breakdown of work process, which radiates from wrong distinguishing p roof of the patients, and utilizing an inappropriate data on another patient (Patel et al., 2008). Other than that, it is likewise conceivable that the medical caretakers mis-transfuse blood, which may cause unfriendly haemolytic response among the patients being referred to (Mole et. al, 2007). In crafted by Bates and Kim (2006) and Escoto et. al (2008), attendants have a significant job of adjusting clinical mistakes. This is conceivable by formulating a clinical mistake revealing framework in the wellbeing institutio

Alice Walker's Everyday Use Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Alice Walker's Everyday Use - Essay Example Maggie is OK with who she is as an individual and is glad for her family’s legacy. While she might act naturally aware of the consumes and scars left by the fire, and she might be tense about Dee’s assessment of her appearance, she despite everything acknowledges herself as she seems to be, realizing that it can't be changed. She despite everything figures out how to wear her family name with satisfaction notwithstanding the awful hand she has been managed. Dee, then again, accepts that she is over her own legacy, doing what she should to keep herself isolated from the existence that her more youthful sister leads. This can be seen when Dee changes her name to Wangero, in light of the fact that she â€Å"couldn’t bear it any more, being named after that individuals who oppress† her. Dee changes what she can about herself since she isn't satisfied with the individual she was raised to be. So also, Maggie needs to keep one of the family quilts since it has i mportance to her. Dee, in any case, doesn't feel that Maggie has the sort of affection to her legacy that she has and requests the blanket for herself. Dee’s very character makes it realized that she has little love for her legacy and has a ulterior rationale in needing the blanket - in the event that she has it, Maggie can't. Rather than belligerence, Maggie consents to surrender the blanket that was legitimately hers, expressing that she could take another blanket.

Riot Asks Deborah Copaken Kogan

Riot Asks Deborah Copaken Kogan Our second “Riot Asks” reading-centric QA features the versatile photographer, memoirist, and fiction writer Deobrah Copaken Kogan, whose newly released The Red Book: A Novel (Hyperion) takes its title from the Harvard College (yes, kiddies, that’s what the undergraduate portion of a university is called) annual class publication. Copaken Kogan’s send-up of her real-life Class of 1988 25th-reunion hijinks actually forms a great backdrop for this interview, because she swooped easily from childhood memories to current events and back to Ivy-League recollections as she discussed the ways reading has influenced her life. For Copaken Kogan, the past is present, perhaps especially when she’s re-reading The Great Gatsby on her iPhone during a daily subway ride ____________________________ BOOK RIOT: What are you reading? DEBORAH COPAKEN KOGAN: Right now I am just finishing up When the Air Hits Your Brain: Tales from Neurosurgery by Frank Vertosick, Jr. Brad Reese posted about it on Facebook about a month ago because he’d gotten an early copy from a friend who is also a brain surgeon. It’s totally fascinating! I usually kind of alternate between fiction and nonfiction, but this book I downloaded immediately onto my Kindle because it just came out. It’s such a pleasure; Vertosick went to med school in the first place because he thought he wasn’t smart enough to be a physicistthen he winds up going into neurology because there aren’t any places left in cardiologythat sense of a him as a sort of bumbling Zelig-like outsider persists through the entire book and makes it human. I started reading it on the plane between college visits with my son Jacob. It took me all the way from California to home. I also just  finished The Class by Erich Segal because while I was writing my book everyone kept telling me, “You should read Erich Segal’s novel about Harvard!” I waited until I was finished! And now, I think I’m gonna write an essay about the reading experience. I mean, his book is a portrait of 1958 written in 1985, and his attitude toward women sort of made me crazy sometimes. There are some really misogynistic moments in the 50s events, some that I don’t even think Segal recognizes as such. Also, most of the Harvard friends and classmates he references became Big and Famous and Noteworthy. Guess what? My Harvard friends and classmates, for the most part, all became ordinary. Is this a difference of temperament? Gender? Both? I don’t know. But I’m going to write about it. BR: Which book do you wish you had written? DCK: To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf. I read that over and over and over again. When my dad was dying and we were all at our beach house in Delaware, parts of which he had builtwell, to be there after his pancreatic cancer diagnosis and reading Lighthouse was unspeakably hard but necessary. I read it again the next summer after he was gone. I can’t imagine life without this book. BR:  Which book do you recommend over and over again? DCK: You know, I find Philip Roth’s The Counterlife a really cool book because it really puts you, the reader, on edge. You finish the first chapter and hit the second and think wait, what’s going on? And you go back and re-read the first chapter thinking you’ll figure it out and you don’t and you think “WHAT IS HE DOING TO ME?” Then you hit Chapter Three and realize ooohhhh, now I get it! BR:  Who are your greatest influences as a writer? DCK: The cliché ones: Anne Frank, when I was really young, like in third grade. She was just an ordinary girl, writing in a diary, yet look what she produced. She taught me that you didn’t have to be an old woman to write, you could just start writing. You didn’t have to be a quote-unquote writer to writer It was an amazing lesson that I didn’t take in for way too many years, but I did learn it. A few others: Island of the Blue Dolphins hit me in the gut, the first book I can remember that did. The Little House books were very important to me because they led to the excitement of going to the bookstore to buy the entire set, the first time I felt that sort of greed and anticipation with reading. Finally, The Catcher in the Rye. During one teenaged summer with my family in West Harwich, Massachusetts, we frequented two beaches: The Big Beach and the Little Beach. While the rest of Them hit Big Beach, I would sulkily take my towel, all alone, to Little Beach and devour Salingerâ €™s prose. BR: Which book do you re-read regularly? DCK: I read The Great Gatsby every five years or so. When I was on this trip with my son, visiting colleges, he was reading it, too. I said hey, do you like it? And he responded, I’m not sure yet, I just started. I almost shouted Do you know who you are? You are the luckiest person in the world right now! You’re reading The Great Gatsby for the first time! This led to one of my favorite moments of the trip. We were standing in the security line at the airport and he saw a map of New York that included Long Island. He tried to figure out which of the “bumps” on it were West and East Egg. I didn’t want to burst his bubble BR: Whose book(s) do you most look forward to? DCK: Ian McEwan. Whenever one comes out, I just get very excited by it. BR: Describe your reading nook/corner. DCK: I read in many places. One is the glider thing you have when your kids are babies. Ours is old and shabby and covered with stains from spit up and such, but it’s in our bedroom and it’s such a soothing reading spot. Another: My iPhone’s Kindle app, whenever I’m on the subway. I think it’s increased my reading tenfold; I’ve read something like 44 books since I downloaded it. It keeps me constantly reading without having to remember to throw a book into my bag or try and fumble it out of my bag when I’m in a crowded car on the A train. BR: Has a book ever utterly disappointed you? How? DCK: Probably. But am I going to name names? No, I’m not. Why bother possibly turning off other potential readers of a book just because I didn’t like it? BR: Which book has changed your life? DCK: Frank McCourts Angela’s Ashes. I was reading that at a particular crossroads moment in my life, when I was not liking my job as a producer at Dateline at all. I’d always wanted to be a writer, and I had done lots of writing during my years in public school, but when I got to Harvard there was just one creative-writing course, with Mary Robesonand I tried to get in twice and was rejected. I thought OK, I’m not a writer. I decided to give up that dream. But then, while working on a team at Dateline, I realized I’m not a good collaborator. I just am not. I’m a perfectionist, and I was not suited for that life. I read McCourt’s book and thought: You know what, here’s this teacher. He finally sat down and look what he made! What could he have done if he’d started sooner? Ultimately, I did not want to be that parent who comes home miserable every day. I wanted to be proud of what I did, what I made. That was 1998, and I was 32 years old. I’ve never looked backtruth.

Is China A Largest Economy - 1684 Words

On global standards, in the consideration of growth, Chinas economy is impressive. However, within the nation itself, the economy has not been able to achieve the government standards it wants to during the past few years. The capability that China has to become the largest economy in the world is evident due to the fact that China is the second largest economy and with that power, everyone is looking at them to see how they are going to survive in the years to come. Their economy grew 6.7 percent in 2016, which is a 2 percent decrease from 2015. This may appear unfavorable at a glance but it is within China’s target range; therefore, a two percent decrease does not affect them much in the long run. China has to be able to reflect on what†¦show more content†¦After cuts to over-capacity, prices are recovering. China plans to cut excess industrial capacity and try to increase foreign investment. China’s goal to be within the 7 percent and 6.5 percent of the year ly goal seems to be attainable with the retail sales increasing, the weaker monetary value of the yuan, and state-led investments. Past weaknesses have been getting stronger concerning household consumption of real estate and heavy industry. Deflation occurred for about four years, but economists’ predict the increasing producer prices to peak at 4 percent and then average at 2.5 percent through the year. Comparing this to their last prediction of a 3.1 percent in the first quarter and a 1.6 percent of the total of 2017, there is a significant difference. Other nations can also help with the aid of China’s New Year economy. The United States policies, through tax cuts and infrastructure spending, will help increase (proactive) fiscal stimulus and therefore benefit China in the long run. However, the financial situation is still at risk due to a sharp decline in China’s foreign exchange reserves. The stockpile decreased to $3.05 trillion which was a total loss of $69.1 billion. However, with a 6.7 percent growth over three-quarters, these problems seem to dwindle in concern. China’s Decrease in Money Exports There has been a significant decrease in money leaving the country. There has been a $1 trillion dropShow MoreRelatedChina s Second Largest Economy844 Words   |  4 PagesAs one of the results of globalization, China’s economy has been growing rapidly. China became the second largest economy in 2005 (Allen, J. Qian, M, Qian, 2005). Due to its movement toward a capitalist economy, the implementation of the one-child policy, and the growing trend of two working parents (McNeal Yeh, 2003), â€Å"the level of affluence of families has continued to grow strongly and a significant business, professional and bureaucratic elite has emerged with resources capable of financingRead MoreChina s Second Largest Economy2291 Words   |  10 PagesChina is second largest economy in the word. Size of the Chinese economy and future growth potential has attracted the foreign companies to operate and earn profits. Thrust for cost saving and market expansion direct Multinational companies tow ards China. China has open the door for foreign companies between 1978 and 1990. Mode of entry utilized by multinational firms includes direct export, franchising, joint venture wholly owned subsidies. The various factors affecting the success of any foreignRead MoreChina s Economy Is Becoming The World s Second Largest Economy Behind The United States1234 Words   |  5 Pageseconomic reforms and adopting the open policy in 1978, China’s economy has experienced a spectacular growth and achieved a remarkable success over the past three decades. In particular, according to the government figures released on August 16th 2010, China’s economy in the second quarter has slightly surpassed Japan’s in terms of gross domestic product. This milestone suggests that China is becoming the world’s second-largest economy behind the United States. At the same time, the opportunities createdRead MoreChina s Second Largest Travel And Tourism Economy After The United Sta tes Essay2636 Words   |  11 Pages China is only flourishing as the years go by, and it is only going to continue to flourish because of the way society is brought upon them. It is essential to know the importance of tourism and all the positive and negative attributes it has to offer. China is the â€Å"world’s second largest travel and tourism economy after the United States by 2015†, according to a new report from the World Travel Tourism Council (WTTC). China’s tourist appeal is very different from any other countries outside ofRead MoreIf Current Trends Continue, China May Emerge as the Worlds Largest Economy by 2020.1496 Words   |  6 Pageswould clearly be affected by such a development. Currently China enjoys a somewhat privileged status within the World Trade Organization as a ―developing country. Such a rise to eminence, however, would clearly force it to become a full and equal member, with all the rights and responsibilities. China would also be in a position to actively af fect the terms of trade between many countries. On the monetary front, one would expect that China would have to have fully convertible and trading currencyRead MoreA Comparison of Life in Four Contrasting Countries: The USA, the UK, China and Bangladesh1652 Words   |  7 PagesThe USA, the UK, China and Bangladesh By Bertie Ellison-Wright The Natural Environment The USA, the UK, China and Bangladesh all have extremely varied environments, in terms of location, size, landforms, geology, natural resources, rivers, coasts, weather and climate, and pollution. However, there are also plenty of similarities between the countries. Location Size The USA is located in North America, between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the UK in north-west Europe, and China and BangladeshRead MoreThe Impact of the Growing Economic Power of China800 Words   |  4 PagesPower of China China is the second largest economy in the world after the US. This is measured by both nominal GDP ($4.99 trillion), and by purchasing power ($8.77 trillion). The Peoples Republic of China, as it is officially called, is the world’s fastest growing major economy in the world with an average growth rate of 10% for the past 30 years. China is also the second largest trading nation in the world as well as being the largest exporter and second largest importer of goods. China has theRead MoreEconomic Growth Is A Macroeconomic Policy Objective For Countries1467 Words   |  6 PagesDEFINITION Economic growth is a macroeconomic policy objective for countries. The growth of economies have two meanings. First, economic growth means the gross domestic product (GDP) increases within the given period of time.The increases in GDP also means the increase in the value of national output or national expenditure.The other meaning is the increasing of production when using all the scarce resources,which can be showed in the PPF(Production Possibility Frontier).In the diagram below,theRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On The Chinese Economy Essay883 Words   |  4 Pages(businessdictonary.com). China can be considered as an excellent example to demonstrate globalization. When Deng Xiaoping was elected as the Communist Party leader, he brought about economic reforms that opened the Chinese economy to the rest of the world and later introduced itself into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 (bbc.co.uk, 2006). Hence, expanding the growth rate of the Chinese economy, which has been constantly rising over the past decade. 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Using A Computer Every Day - 1003 Words

Using a computer every day can have more negative than positive effects on children. In recent years humanity has strongly developed its knowledge about computers. Furthermore, computers have become an essential part of people’s life, because it makes everything much easier. These machines can work instead of people and therefore replace workers doing tedious tasks, but that is not the only benefit computers have. For instance, they can also help people to unwind and relax in their spare time. Especially the younger generations tend to use them very often; surfing the internet or playing video ­games. Despite the fact that the computer can be used in a beneficial way, it has its disadvantageous as well. So, shall we consider these machines as a great invention, which effects in a positive way on people or as a passive virus, which poisons them  ­and especially children- every day? I would like to consider this complication from different points of view, taking into account its pros and cons. Initially, spending plenty of time in front of the computer screen can cause several health problems. As a matter of a fact, one of the most attractive pastime ways for children nowadays is playing computer games. It can be very problematic, because youngsters tend to be very addicted to it. As a result of this addiction, their minds can be â€Å"poisoned† strongly, since their bodies are still in a process of developing. According to research about brain activity of children,Show MoreRelatedComputer Is The Era Of It Essay966 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Computer is an electronic device used in almost every field even where it is most unexpected. That is why this age is called as the era of IT. And now we cannot imagine a world without computers. It is made up of two things one is the hardware and other is software. All physical components of computer like keyboard, mouse, monitor etc comes under the hardware whereas all the programs and languages used by the computer are called software. These days computers are the tools for notRead MoreEssay about Marketing Plan1271 Words   |  6 Pagesstrategy it must also has a well defined methodology for the day to day process of implementing it. It is of little value to have a strategy if you lack either the resources or the expertise to implement it. In the process of creating a marketing strategy it must consider many factors. Of those many factors, some are more important than others. Because each strategy must address some unique considerations, it is not reasonable to identify every important factor at a generic level. The following planRead MoreIT Based Sales Accounting System Analysis1238 Words   |  5 Pageslocation in small town in Tennessee. ST. James focuses its services and products to customers that want to buy high end clothing. 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U.S. Army 8 Person Funeral Detail Free Essays

string(18) " in front of him\." 8 SOLDIER FUNERAL DETAIL COMPOSITION OF DETAIL C-12. The 8 man funeral detail normally consists of an OIC or NCOIC (depending on the rank of the deceased veteran), an NCOIC of the firing party, a five or six soldier firing party (who also act as pallbearers) and a bugler, if available. For this description there is an OIC of the funeral detail and an NCOIC of the firing party/pallbearers. We will write a custom essay sample on U.S. Army 8 Person Funeral Detail or any similar topic only for you Order Now DETAIL, WEAPONS ARE IN PLACE C-13. Weapons are pre-stacked in an appropriate position, in plain view, and a good distance from the gravesite. The firing party, acting as pallbearers, is pre-positioned along the roadside; awaiting the arrival of the hearse. The OIC is located where the hearse will stop. RECEIVING THE CASKET C-14. As the hearse approaches, the NCOIC orders the detail to â€Å"ATTENTION† and â€Å"Present, ARMS. † Once the hearse has passed the detail, the NCOIC calls the detail to â€Å"Order, ARMS† and â€Å"Parade, REST. † The OIC comes to attention and present arms as the hearse approaches his position. The OIC terminates his salute when the hearse comes to a halt. C-15. After the vehicle has come to a halt, the driver gets out and opens the rear door. The driver prepares the casket for movement to the gravesite by removing the stock. The driver pulls the casket to the rear of the hearse. The OIC, with a nod of his head, signals the NCOIC to move the pallbearers to the end of the hearse, three on each side, to remove the casket. The NCOIC marches the pallbearers into place, then orders â€Å"Mark time, MARCH;† â€Å"Detail, HALT† and â€Å"Center, FACE. † After the pallbearers are facing inward, the individuals closest to the casket will grasp the handrails and pull the casket from the hearse. Each pallbearer, in turn, grasps a casket handle as it reaches him. The OIC will render a hand salute while the casket is being removed. Moving the Casket C-16. On the NCOIC’s command of â€Å"Ready, FACE,† the pallbearers will execute the appropriate facing movements so that they are all facing the feet of the casket. The NCOIC orders the detail to â€Å"Forward, MARCH. † Led by the OIC, the pallbearers incline to the proper direction to move to the gravesite, ensuring the casket is level and feet first. Once the casket is over the gravesite, the NCOIC commands â€Å"Mark Time, MARCH,† and â€Å"Detail, HALT. † Once at the head of the gravesite, the OIC will come to render a hand salute until the casket is placed on the lowering device. To maintain uniformity the pallbearer NCOIC will command â€Å"Center, FACE. When pallbearers are facing center, the casket is set on the lowering device. After the casket is set down, the pallbearers come to attention and the OIC will drop his hand salute. MOVING TO THE WEAPONS C-17. On the command â€Å"Ready, FACE,† by the pallbearer NCOIC, the pallbearers all fa ce toward the head of the casket. The next command is â€Å"Forward, MARCH. † The pallbearers move from the gravesite to the location of the weapons. Just prior to reaching the stacked arms, the firing party NCOIC, and formerly the pallbearer NCOIC, gives â€Å"Mark Time, MARCH† and â€Å"Detail, HALT. The firing party NCOIC assumes their position and gives a â€Å"File from the Left, Forward, MARCH. † On the command â€Å"March† the firing party performs the proper movements to form a single file to the rear of the weapons. When the firing party are to the rear of the stacked arms, the NCOIC gives â€Å"Mark Time, MARCH† and â€Å"Detail HALT,† and the appropriate facing movement to face the rifles. Retrieving the Weapons and Conclusion of Religious Services C-18. The next command given is â€Å"Take, ARMS. † On the command of execution, the stack man secures the first two weapons. The left and right soldiers receive the weapons fro m the stack man. The left and right soldiers then pass the weapons to the outside soldiers. The stack man grasps his center weapon. The left and right soldiers step toward the stack and remove their weapons, returning to the position of Attention. Once the left and right soldiers retrieve their weapons, the stack man secures his weapon and comes to the position of Attention. Once all of the firing party is at Order Arms, the firing party NCOIC gives them â€Å"Parade, REST. † The firing party will remain at Parade Rest until the end of the religious services. Once the religious services are over, the Chaplain steps away from the casket. The OIC steps to the head of the casket and renders a hand salute. This is the signal for the firing party NCOIC to command the firing party â€Å"ATTENTION. † Firing of Honors C-19. After bringing the firing party to Attention, the NCOIC gives the command of â€Å"Ready. † At the command of Ready, each rifleman executes Port Arms, faces Half Right, and moves his right foot to the right ten inches. Each rifleman then chambers a round, places his weapon on Fire, and resumes Port Arms. When the firing party has completed the movements, the firing party NCOIC gives the command â€Å"Aim. On the command of Aim, the detail shoulders their weapons with the muzzles of the weapons at a 45-degree angle from the horizontal. When the NCOIC commands â€Å"FIRE,† the detail fires and returns to Port Arms. On the subsequent commands of â€Å"Ready,† each rifleman pulls and returns the charging handle of his weapon. After the third round is fired each rifleman resumes P ort Arms, and the firing party NCOIC commands â€Å"CEASE FIRE. † Each rifleman places his weapon on Safe, resumes the position of Order Arms, and faces Half Left. The firing party NCOIC then commands â€Å"Present, ARMS† for the playing of â€Å"Taps†. The bugler plays â€Å"Taps. † If a bugler is not available, one soldier is positioned to turn on the high quality recording (and is not part of the firing party). STACKING ARMS C-20. After â€Å"Taps†, the NCOIC brings the firing party to â€Å"Order, ARMS,† and then commands â€Å"Stack, ARMS. † On the command of execution, Arms, the stack man grasps the barrel of his rifle and places his rifle directly in front of him. You read "U.S. Army 8 Person Funeral Detail" in category "Papers" At the same time, the left and right soldiers grasp the barrels of their respective rifles, step toward the center and insert the muzzles through the sling loop of the stack man’s weapon. Both soldiers swing the butts of their rifles out and then down to the ground ensuring the stack is steady. The two outside weapons are then passed to the stack man, who adds them to the stack. RETURNING TO GRAVESITE OR SHELTER C-21. After Stack Arms is complete, the NCOIC moves the firing party two steps backward and gives the appropriate facing movement to have the firing party move back to the gravesite. From this position, the NCOIC will form the firing party in two columns by giving the command â€Å"Column of Two to the Right, MARCH. † Once in Column of Two formation, the NCOIC takes the last position, and gives â€Å"Forward, MARCH. The firing party marches to the gravesite along either side of the casket. Once at the gravesite the NCOIC gives â€Å"Mark Time, MARCH,† and â€Å"Detail, HALT. † The NCOIC gives â€Å"Center, FACE,† to ensure that all of the pallbearers are facing the casket. FOLDING THE FLAG C-22. After the pallbearers have faced the casket, they use their peripheral vision to take their cues from the NCOIC. As a unit, the pallbearers reach down and secure the flag. Once flag is secured, the detail folds flag. The flag is first folded with the lower stripe area over the blue field. It is then folded so that the folded edge meets the open edge. The triangular fold is started at the striped end and is continued until only the blue field remains. The flag margin is then tucked in and the flag is ready for presentation. PRESENTING THE FLAG. C-23. After the flag has been folded, it is passed down to the soldier closest to the right side of the OIC. This soldier executes a Half Left as the OIC executes a Half Right and the flag is then passed to the OIC at, chest level. After the pallbearer has passed the flag, he salutes the flag for three seconds then executes Order Arms. The soldier executes a Half Right as the OIC executes a Half Left and resumes their original position. At this time the pallbearers will leave the gravesite. The NCOIC commands â€Å"Outward, FACE,† (pallbearers face towards the head of the casket) and â€Å"Forward, MARCH. † Once the detail is out of the area, the OIC will present the flag to the next of kin or Chaplain, it next of kin is not available. The OIC recites the following passage: |†Ma’am (sir), this flag is presented on behalf of a grateful nation and the United States Army as a token of appreciation for your loved one’s | |honorable and faithful service. † | C-24. At the conclusion of the remarks and presentation, the OIC will render a hand salute and hold the salute for three seconds then assumes Order, Arms. OIC then executes marching movement and marches back towards the direction of the pallbearers. CONCLUDING THE CEREMONY C-25. The firing party returns to the location of the stacked arms in the same manner as before. When commanded to â€Å"Take, ARMS,† the party retrieves the rifles in the same manner as before. After retrieving the weapons, the NCOIC marches the detail away from the funeral site to clear and inspect the weapons. The firing party will police all of the brass after the service is over and the next of kin have left the area. The OIC is not required to escort the next of kin back to his/her vehicle. 2 SOLDIER FUNERAL DETAIL RECEIVING THE CASKET C-26. The OIC is located where the hearse will stop. The NCO is to the left of the OIC. As the hearse approaches, the OIC brings himself and the NCO to â€Å"ATTENTION† and â€Å"Present, ARMS. † The OIC gives the command of â€Å"Order, ARMS,† after the hearse has come to a halt. The funeral director is responsible for removing the casket from the hearse and placing it on the lowering device at the gravesite. When the casket is being removed from the hearse, the OIC commands â€Å"Present, ARMS. † Once the casket has cleared the peripheral vision of the OIC, then the OIC commands â€Å"Order, ARMS,† and â€Å"Parade, REST. † CONCLUSION OF RELIGIOUS SERVICES C-27. Once the religious services are over, the Chaplain steps away from the casket. The OIC commands â€Å"ATTENTION. † The OIC commands â€Å"Ready, FACE,† and the OIC and NCO face in the direction of the casket. OIC then commands â€Å"Forward, MARCH,† The OIC marches to the head of the casket, and faces the head of the casket, while the NCO marches to the foot of the casket facing the OIC. If a bugler is not available, the NCO moves to the device that will play the high quality recording of â€Å"Taps. † FOLDING THE FLAG C-28. The OIC gives the command to the NCO to secure flag. Once the flag is secure the bugler will play â€Å"Taps† and both the OIC and NCO execute Present, Arms. When â€Å"Taps† is complete, both the OIC and NCO execute Order, Arms. The OIC gives the command to side step march (just far enough to preclude the flag from touching the casket). Once the OIC and NCO have cleared the casket the OIC nods to begin folding the flag. NOTE: If a bugler is not available, once the casket is on the lowering device, the NCOIC will march to the recording device and wait for the Chaplain to conclude religious services. He will play â€Å"Taps† after the OIC is positioned at the head of the casket. When â€Å"Taps† is complete, the NCOIC will march to the foot of the casket and then assist in folding the flag. C-29. The flag is first folded with the lower stripe area over the blue field. It is then folded so that the folded edge meets the open edge. The triangular fold is started at the striped end and is continued until only the blue field remains. While folding the flag the NCO moves towards the OIC. The flag margin is then tucked in by the OIC and the NCO presents the flag to the OIC. Once the NCO presents the flag to the OIC, the NCO renders the hand salute and holds the salute for three seconds then executes Order, Arms. The OIC is ready for presenting the flag to the next of kin. PRESENTING THE FLAG C-30. After the flag has been folded and passed to the OIC, the OIC then moves in the direction of the next of kin and presents the flag to the next of kin while the NCO marches away from the gravesite. The OIC will present the flag to the Chaplain if the next of kin is not available. The OIC recites the following passage: |†Ma’am (sir), this flag is presented on behalf of a grateful nation and the United States Army as a token of appreciation for your loved one’s | |honorable and faithful service. † | C-31. At the conclusion of the passage and the flag presentation, the OIC will render a hand salute and hold the salute for three seconds then assumes Order, Arms. OIC then executes a marching movement and marches away from the gravesite. CONCLUDING THE CEREMONY C-32. The OIC is not required to escort the next of kin back to his/her vehicle. NOTES C-33. The meaning of the word gravesite also includes a committal shelter. The meaning of the word casket also includes a receptacle containing the cremated remains of the deceased. On windy days, the flag should already be anchored to the casket by the funeral director. If the flag is not secured, the detail will fold the flag immediately after placing the casket on the lowering device, then hand the flag to the OIC. d How to cite U.S. Army 8 Person Funeral Detail, Papers

Animal and Plant Cells free essay sample

Animal and plant cells PartFunction NucleusContains genetic material, which controls the activities of the cell CytoplasmMost chemical processes take place here, controlled by enzymes Cell membraneControls the movement of substances into and out of the cell MitochondriaMost energy is released by respiration here RibosomesProtein synthesis happens here Extra parts of plant cells PartFunction Cell wallStrengthens the cell ChloroplastsContain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis Permanent vacuoleFilled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid Bacterial Cells A bacterium is a single-celled organism. A bacterial cell has a different structure to an animal or plant cell. It has cytoplasm, a membrane and a surrounding cell wall, but the genetic material in a bacterial cell is not in a distinct nucleus. Yeast Cells Yeast is a single-celled organism. Like bacterial cells, yeast cells have cytoplasm and a membrane surrounded by a cell wall. But unlike bacterial cells, yeast cells have a nucleus. We will write a custom essay sample on Animal and Plant Cells or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Specialised cells Cells may be specialised for a particular function. Their structure will allow them to carry this function out. Here are some examples: Examples of the functions of cells CellFunctionAdaption Leaf cellAbsorbs light energy for photosynthesisPacked with chloroplasts. Regular shaped, closely packed cells form a continuous layer for efficient absorption of sunlight. Root hair cellAbsorbs water and mineral ions from the soilLong finger-like process with very thin wall, which gives a large surface area. Sperm cellFertilises an egg cell female gameteThe head contains genetic information and an enzyme to help penetrate the egg cell membrane. The middle section is packed with mitochondria for energy. The tail moves the sperm to the egg. Red blood cellsContains haemoglobin to carry oxygen to the cells. Thin outer membrane to let oxygen diffuse through easily. Shape increases the surface area to allow more oxygen to be absorbed efficiently. No nucleus, so the whole cell is full of haemoglobin. Diffusion Dissolved substances have to pass through the cell membrane to get into or out of a cell. Diffusion is one of the processes that allows this to happen. Diffusion occurs when particles spread. They move from a region where they are in high concentration to a region where they are in low concentration. Diffusion happens when the particles are free to move. This is true in gases and for particles dissolved in solutions. Particles diffuse down a concentration gradient, from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This is how the smell of cooking travels around the house from the kitchen, for example. Examples of diffusion Two examples of diffusion down concentration gradients LocationParticles moveFromTo GutDigested food productsGut cavityBlood in capillary of villus LungsOxygenAlveolar air spaceBlood circulating around the lungs Remember, particles continue to move from a high to a low concentration while there is a concentration gradient. In the lungs, the blood will continue to take in oxygen from the alveolar air spaces provided the concentration of oxygen there is greater than in the blood. Oxygen diffuses across the alveolar walls into the blood, and the circulation takes the oxygen-rich blood away. Photosynthesis Green plants absorb light energy using chlorophyll in their leaves. They use it to react carbon dioxide with water to make a sugar called glucose. The glucose is used in respiration, or converted into starch and stored. Oxygen is produced as a by-product. This process is called photosynthesis. Temperature, carbon dioxide concentration and light intensity are factors that can limit the rate of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis summary Photosynthesis is the chemical change which happens in the leaves of green plants. It is the first step towards making food not just for plants but ultimately every animal on the planet. During photosynthesis: †¢Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, a green substance found inchloroplasts in some plant cells and algae †¢Absorbed light energy is used to convert carbon dioxide (from the air) and water (from the soil) into a sugar called glucose †¢Oxygen is released as a by-product This equation summarises what happens in photosynthesis: Some glucose is used for respiration, while some is converted into insolublestarch for storage. The stored starch can later be turned back into glucose and used in respiration. Storage and use of glucose The glucose produced in photosynthesis may be used in various ways by plants and algae. Storage Glucose is needed by cells for respiration. However, it is not produced at night when it is too dark for photosynthesis to happen. Plants and algae store glucose as insoluble products. These include: †¢Starch †¢Fats and oils Use Some glucose is used for respiration to release energy. Some is used to produce: †¢Cellulose which strengthens the cell wall †¢Proteins such as enzymes and chlorophyll Plants also need nitrates to make proteins. These are absorbed from the soil as nitrate ions.

Concepts on Angola colonial rule

Introduction The history of Angolan self-assertion as an independent country after the colonial rule is not merely an Angolan phenomenon, but also the struggle for second liberation from the black colonial rule is also part of the larger story of the rising awareness of the black people to struggle for their dignity and self-fulfillment.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Concepts on Angola colonial rule specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Angola being one of African country that has experienced civil war even after the end of the colonial era, questions are now being asked whether the current post independence civil wars in Angola are attributable to the colonial rule. This can only be well answered if the history of Angola and the colonial rule in Angola is understood. Pre-colonial state in Angola Little can be said about Angola history before the sixteenth century, but what is known is that, it was inhabit ed by the Bushmen before the immigration of Bantu community to Angola. The Bantu community is believed to have migrated from somewhere in Cameroon to the present day land called Angola. The Bushmen were mare hunters and gatherers of wild animals and fruits whereas the Bantu people were iron smelters and farmers. The distribution of these native people was densely populated in the central Angolan region which lay in the southern reaches of Mbailundu, Wambu and northern Ngalangi at the same time, the eastern region such as Viye, Muschinda in southern Ngalangi were sparsely populated (Heywood and Thornton P. 214- 217). During this pre-colonial period the Bantu gained dominance in Angola resulting to the formation of ethic kingdoms. Notable was the Kingdom of Congo which was supreme kingdom with smaller kingdom units such as the Ndongo kingdom and Ovimbundu Kingdoms (Miller P.103). At this time, the first Portuguese arrived in Angola but they were just missionaries and explorers who wit h the assistance of these kingdoms spread the Christianity massage to the African natives. Some of these kingdoms continued to exist even after the arrival of the white settlers who later colonized Angola. Colonial period In early 1400, the white peasant arrived in Angola not only as explorers and Christian missionaries, but also as traders. During this time, the settlers mostly the Dutch and the Britons started doing some business with the native Angolans. Even though the Portuguese had arrived in Angola earlier than the Britons and the Dutch, they were just as explorers and missionaries but later on they started trading with the Angolans.Advertising Looking for research paper on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The scramble for the African resources by the Portuguese, Britons and the Dutch resulted to a conflict between them selves which later on gave birth to the Berlin conference of 1884 to solve the confl icting interest for resources not only in Angola but Africa at large. After the Berlin conference Angola was declared a Portuguese territory and it later colonized Angola for a period lasting 500 years. The arrival of Paulo Dais de Novias in Angola with his convoy of Portuguese families and solders, led to the start of Portuguese colonialism. The Portuguese created close alliance with the Kongo kingdom by offering fire arms, Christianity as well as other advanced technology equipment to the kingdom and in return they received slaves, minerals and ivory. As time passed by, the alliances between the Portuguese and the local kingdoms started to weaken as a result of the Portuguese participation in the local kingdom economic and political affairs. Some of the kingdom like the Ndogo Kingdom staged resistance to the colonial rule as the Portuguese used military force to safeguard their slave trade business which the kingdom was against (Bender P. 2-19). The effect of the slave trade was d isturbing the Angolans kingdom as most of able-bodied members of families were taken away as slaves, thus weakening the local community productivity and their administrative units to the colonial administrative structure; which fragmented the traditional power structures of the kingdoms and appointed trustworthy dummy leaders to those kingdoms. In 1836 after the abolition of slave trade, the Portuguese reverted to the use of forced labor in exploiting the Angolan land and natural resources. The Portuguese established their control over the Angolans’ labor force by commanding legislation that obliged the Angolans to work for the colonial government and ensured that the production of raw materials such as rubber and coffee was possible though the use of forced labor (Jill P. 260-265). Portuguese colonialism in Angola later seemed not to care about the local people social- economic development rather to exploit the Angolans’ natural resources for the benefit of the Portug uese and the locals were discriminated against some of the privileges the Portuguese enjoyed such as, Angolans went to poor schools in the missionary camps, poor heath services and no infrastructure was being developed by the colonies for the Angolans as compared to them, they had quality education and heath services. After the colonial masters heard the resentment of the local community for poor service delivery, and too much rebellion of forced labor in the white farms plantations which plunged the country into chaos in 1961, the government in Lisbon responded strongly by sending large numbers of troops to Angola to rein force their continued rule over Angola (Guus and Birmingham Para. 1- 10).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Concepts on Angola colonial rule specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reforms were harried during this time to improve the provision of good education, good heath services by buildin g schools and hospitals, and the withdrawal of forced labor so as to appease Angolans. The oppression of the indigenous Angolans’ by the Portuguese rule, discrimination between the different categories of citizen and forced labor, resulted to the resistance to colonial rule which finally led to the up raising of nationalism movement for independence (Wheeler P. 1-22). The upraise of Angolans’ nationalism movements for independence After the Portuguese refused to withdraw the colonial rule from the Angolans’ in early 1960s, two nationalism parties were found to fight for independence which were the FNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola ) and MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola). The MPLA had set its territory in the neighborhood of Luanda the homeland of Mbundu people and had the following from many other grouping in the urban centers as well as assimilated native Angolans and other sympathetic mixed-race group became part of the MPLA where as, the UNITA (Union for the Total Independence of Angola) became a voice of the third political tradition with a goal of fighting for economic rights formed by Jonas Savimbi after his dissatisfaction with the MPLA lack of military power and its dependence on the US (Miller P.103). The exploitation of the feelings of segregation of Angola’s largest tribal group under the leadership of Ovimbundu and Savimbi, led to built up of their own territory in the centre and south of Angola by conducting small guerrilla operations with the assistance of international community. During this time of nationalism, major military and political conflict between the Portuguese colonial rule and Angolan nationalist intensified which led to the ‘first Angolan war’ staged by the movements using the guerrilla tactics after the Portuguese had bloodily repressed a mass protest against colonial rule where hundreds of whites and thousands of black farm workers were killed. Thanks to the growing pressure from Portugal which indirectly brought to an end of this war in 1974 as none of the armed movements succeeded to stop the war. The Portuguese desire to maintain their colonial rule over Angola diminished as more fighting broke out in many parts of Angola not excluding the capital, Luanda, where the armies of the movements were expected to maintain tranquility with joint patrols (Wheeler P. 3-9 ). The pro-independence movements later on experienced some divisions among themselves as a result of ethnic identification of these movements to outsmart each other for political gains rather than expressing their original sentiments of oppression by the colonial rule.Advertising Looking for research paper on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The FNLA enjoyed the political and military support from African countries, China and the US but later some African countries defected to support MPLA which, though it suffered from internal conflicts and had a weak military, gradually it outmaneuvered the other movements politically and diplomatically to gain supremacy in early 1975. Under immense international pressure, the Portuguese and the three Angolan nationalism movements signed an accord in Alvor to end the colonial rule in which Portugal was to provide support for transitional government, a constitution, elections and independence. On 11th November 1975, Angola got its independence from the colonial masters with Agostinho Neto becoming the first president of the republic of Angola. However, this independence did not last for long as the country plunged in a civil war again (Chabal and Nuno P. 124 -170). Post- independence After independence from the colonial masters, the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) a nd Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) declared their own short-lived republics which were the Democratic Republic of Angola(DRA) and the Social Democratic Republic of Angola(SDRA) on 24th November 1975, but this marriage between the DRA and SDRA was short lived, as it dissolved in early the following year after independence. By the end of February 1976 the Angolan military with the help of Cuba, destabilized FNLA as Zaire came to the support of UNITA and the South African forces withdrew it support from UNITA but still the war continued. Some time later UNITA led by Jonas Savimbi got the support of the united state government and then took its military fight in the southern part of Angola to capture more territories under the government control, while the Angolan government was supported by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. In 1979, Agostinho Neto died and he was succeeded by Josà © Eduardo dos Santos at the time when the United States and the Soviet Union qu arrel in Vietnam had come to an ended and Angola became an alternative place for them to continue their conflict with each side negating to help Angola end its civil war rather, they had their own specific interest to play out: their geo-political enmity. Zaire and South Africa continued to be the regional allies of the US, Congo aligned itself with the Soviet Union and Cuba gave military and civilian support to the MPLA (Marcum P.312). During this time, Diamonds and oil provided the government with the needed revenue to function as a government finance the ongoing war against Savimbi and maintain the high living standards of the Angolan elites. Angola country side became neglected and was left to its own survival strategies which forced people to flee to the towns as prospects in the urban canters seemed more attractive despite the encroachment to slums. South Africa again involved itself in the hunt of a newly found forces by the name South-West Africa People’s Organization in Southern part of Angola and soon it established grounds to give more support to UNITA movement, which gained control of more and more territory and as a result, FAPLA was not impressed by the South Africa move, hence it launched a strategy to fight and dismantle UNITA and its ally South Africa. In 1987, FAPLA with the help of by the Soviet Union launched some fights against UNITA but they did not succeed to defeat UNITA (Kibble P. 539-542). Instead FAPLA was defeated and later on Cuba intervened in the support of FAPLA to stop UNITA and South Africa advances, leading to the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale in1987. Angola and the united state went to talks for diplomatic solution of the civil war in June 1987 and later on Cuba was included in the negotiations in January 28, 1988 and South Africa joined the negotiations in March 9, 1988 which gave birth to the Tripartite Accord of December 22, 1988 sighed by Angola, Cuba and South Africa in which Cuba and south Africa withdrew their troo ps from Angola. The Bicese agreement in 1991 outlined for election process for an autonomous Angola with the United Nations acting as an overseer. After the elections were held, Josà © Eduardo dos Santos won with 48% of the total votes, against his opponent Jonathan Savimbi who garnered 41% of the total vote cast. Jonathan Savimbi rubbished the results and returned to war and a second peace agreement, by the name the Lusaka protocol was brokered in Lusaka, Zambia which got signed on November 20, 1994 by the two parties (Kibble P. 541-547). The peace agreement between the government and UNITA provided for the incorporation of former UNITA rebels into the government and other rebel groups in the military but it did not solve the problem because in 1995, localized fighting restarted again leading to the formation of a coalition government in April 1997. In late 1998, serious fighting broke out when Jonathan’s UNITA movement renewed the conflict for a second time, claiming that the MPLA was not fulfilling its mandate which forced the United Nations Security Council to vote on August 28, 1997 to impose sanctions against UNITA movement and gave the Angolan military a leeway to launch massive offensive operations to wipe out Savimbi’s conventional capacity and recaptured all major towns which were previously held by Savimbi’s forces, even though Angola remained in turmoil as Savimbi returned to guerrilla tactics. The civil war rendered many people to become internally displaced persons and thousands were killed, but the war came to an end when Jonathan Savimbi was killed in 2002 ( Talbot Para. 1-6). The Peace Process After the civil war In 2000, a commission comprising representatives from the Angolan government, UNITA, and the troika observer states comprising the Russia, Portugal and the United States; chaired by United Nation Secretary General’s Special Envoy in Angola, Professor Ibrahim Gambari was formed to direct the initial tasks n ecessary to set up a peace process as specified in the Lusaka Protocol of 1994. The commission was later dissolved in late 2002 and a new round-table for negotiations between the Government and UNITA was put in place whereby, the UNITA ministers were given some government post as outlined in the Lusaka Protocol. Also after agreeing to make some constitutional changes between the two parties and UNITA seemed no longer a threat to the national interest, the United Nation Security Council lifted sanctions against UNITA (Barry P. 551-568). After decades of war, Angola still faces many serious political challenges such as the humanitarian crisis, unaccounted weapons, Harassment and extortion by armed groups but the signing of the ceasefire opened way to large parts of the country for humanitarian aid after the United Nation appeal for emergency assistance from the donor community. However, Donor skepticism was high about the Angolan government not able fund it’s self yet, they are endowed with natural wealth which was able to give the needed humanitarian aid and build its infrastructure (Guus and Birmingham Para. 10- 16). Conclusion In conclusion, Angola underwent through many challenging occasions from the colonial oppression, civil wars instigated by the political elites at the expense of continued poverty facing the Angolans and to the present day, Angola is still faced with a lot of challenges which are not limited to humanitarian crisis, harassment by armed group and bad governance. Just like many African countries, Angola has been blaming on European community on its current woes. However these sentiments might hold ground, much to blame is the Angolans leadership since it has failed to deliver to its people rather they have engaged in fighting for the resources to enrich themselves at the expense of the impoverished citizens. The colonial government also played a key role in impoverishing the Angolans, starting from the slave trade which took away the able men and women for slavery to Brazil and Europe who could have assisted in nation rebuilding after the end of the colonial rule, stealing of the local resources to Portugal such as diamond minerals and agricultural raw materials to their industries in Europe without developing the Angola infrastructures during their rule also impoverished them further. Colonialism promoted tribalism in Angola by favoring the communities who were supporting the colonial government hence creating enmity among the local communities. The international community is also to blame for the challenges facing Angola right now. The involvement of the international community in Angola Civil war by the supporting the different warring groups is to blame. They should have put a united push for peace in Angola rather than supporting different fighting groups which led to a prolonged civil war because of individual interest of the international community and the warring groups. Recommendations The Angolans and African counties at large should rise up against individual partisan interest. They should strive to work with a common interest of serving their nations and give hope to its citizens. It’s all possible to heal and move forward even after the colonial period and the long civil war in Angola. At the same time, the international community must come to the rescue and assist Angola to reconstruct itself by providing the humanitarian aid to the still suffering Angolans and address for compensation for the oppressed Angolans due to the colonial rule. Works Cited Bender, Gerald. Angola under the Portuguese: the myth and the reality. University of California Press, 1978. Print. Barry, Munslow. â€Å"The Politics of Unsustainable Development in Angola: The New Politics of Corruption.† Third World Quarterly 20.3 (1999): 551-568. Print Chabal, Patrick and Nuno Vidal. Angola: The weight of history. Columbia University Press, 2008. Print. Heywood, Linda and Thornton John. â€Å"A frican Fiscal Systems as Sources for Demographic History: The Case of Central Angola, 1799-1920.† The Journal of  African History 29.2 (1988): 214-217. Print. Guus, Meijer and David Birmingham. â€Å"Angola from past to present.† 2004. Web. https://www.c-r.org/accord-article/angola-past-present Jill, Dias. â€Å"Black Chiefs, White Traders and Colonial Policy near the Kwanza: Kabuku Kambilo and the Portuguese, 1873-1896.† The Journal of African History 17.2 (1976): 245-265. Print. Kibble, Steve and Alex. â€Å"Angola: New Hopes for Civil Society?† Review of African  Political Economy 28.90 (2001): 537-547. Print Marcum, John. The Angolan Revolution: Exile politics and guerrilla warfare 1962-1976.  M.I.T. Press, 1978. Print. Miller, Joseph. â€Å"Angola before 1900: A Review of Recent Research.† African Studies  Review 20.1 (1977): 103 Print. Talbot, Ann. â€Å"The Angolan civil war and US foreign policy.† 2002. Web. https://www.wsws.o rg/en/articles/2002/04/ango-a13.html Wheeler, L Douglas. â€Å"Early Stirrings of Angolan Nationalism and Protest, 1822-1910: Angola Is Whose House?† African Historical Studies 2.1 (1969):1-22. Print. This research paper on Concepts on Angola colonial rule was written and submitted by user Sauron to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Compare and contrast the following two poems Essays

Compare and contrast the following two poems Essays Compare and contrast the following two poems Paper Compare and contrast the following two poems Paper Write an essay of 1500 words, in which you compare and contrast the following two poems: Samuel Taylor Coleridges Frost at Midnight and Joanna Baillies A Mother to her Waking Infant.  In comparing and contrasting the two poems, it is logical to firstly acknowledge the titles, and to think about how they shape the way we read, and how they set the readers expectations. Baillies title of A Mother to her Waking Infant is very clear and factual, and fully describes the stanzas that follow. The term of A Mother is quite impersonal, and alludes to the lack of emotion conveyed in the first four stanzas. It also leaves the reader with the impression that the poet isnt necessarily speaking about her own child. In direct contrast Coleridges title of Frost at Midnight does not hint at all that it is a poem about childhood, or that Coleridge is speaking about his own child. It does however, depict a romantic winter scene, and you feel that there will be a release of strong feelings to follow. The form and structure of the poems are very different. Frost at Midnight is written in four stanzas without rhyming, and A Mother to her Waking Infant is written in eight stanzas with regular rhyming. This gives the poems a very different meaning and effect.  Coleridge employs a conversational style, and he uses very personal and intimate language which enables the reader to conclude that he is describing his own situation. He points to my cottage, left me to that solitude and at my side my cradled infant slumbers. The regular use of enjambment draws the reader into the poem and adds to the conversational effect. The owlets cry Came loud and hark, again! Loud as before appeals to the reader to listen, and firmly gets your attention in the first three lines. Enjambment also helps to set the slow calm pace for example Tis calm indeed! So calm, that is disturbs and vexes meditation with its strange and extreme silentness. We can see the use of caesura in this line which creates a strong pause and also controls the pace. This technique is clearly identified in the poem by the words followed by exclamation marks in the middle of the sentences. In comparison Baillie uses the regular rhyming of aabbcc in seven out of the eight stanzas, and aabbccdd in the fifth and only eight line stanza. This rhyming effect is a balladic form and this is pointed to in line six by That I should sing of thee? and again in the final line by Thou dost heed my lay. Most of the lines comprise of eight metrical feet with the exception of the final line of each stanza which has seven metrical feet, this formally ends each stanza and leaves the reader to think about the meaning of the poem. The regular rhyming also controls the pace of the poem and helps to command the way we read. Poetic inversion is evident in the first stanza with, lip awry and chrystal spread which serves to maintain the consistent rhyming scheme. Baillie does not seem to identify with the feelings that belong to a parent; this is demonstrated by the lack of emotional language and empathy in the first four stanzas, like helpless thing! What do I see and shapeless limbs nor step nor grace. Her descriptions could be of any baby, and are quite ordinary and matter of fact. There does however seem to be a turning point in the fifth eight line stanza. Her language becomes softer with the use of warm, grace and kindness. The infant described by colours rosy cheek, pinky hand, and gold tipped ends brings the poem alive and the reader is at last presented with some powerful, vibrant images. The additional two lines indicate the turning point in the poem too.

Jhon Locke second treatise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jhon Locke second treatise - Essay Example While Locke presents a number of viable suggestions in regards to property ownership it is nevertheless to conduct a critical evaluation of the validity Locke’s postulations pertaining to property ownership and an assessment of the applicability of his arguments in modern property ownership. In Locke’s argument pertaining to property he argues that a person’s body happens to be his own property and any work that it undertakes is thus seen to essentially be owned by it. Locke postulates that by mixing labor with the various available resources availed by nature essentially causes results in the removal of these natural resources from common ownership and makes these resources our very own. He points out that this is the premise that is granted for property ownership as provided for in the bible and is in line with Adam’s means of obtaining dominion over the entire earth and its creatures (Locke Sec. 36). Locke’s use of the bible is seen to be an atte mpt to try and essentially justify his position on the general formula that was used in the acquisition of land. In my opinion this supposition as provided by Locke essentially makes sense as it is primarily through our own individual labor activity that we can be able to cause the various natural resources to obtain their innate true value. However in my opinion, I think that Locke did not take into careful consideration aspects such as communal labor that see individuals undertake a number of labor activities not for their own individual gain, but primarily for the benefit of the entire community. Locke also seem to overlook the fact that it is nowadays quite common for individuals to desire to own land not for their own mere self-gratification but primarily for ecological stewardship purposes where their attempts are mainly geared at the general conservation of nature. To some extent, Locke’s position can arguable seen to not be justifiable as although the original premise of land acquisition in which the entire world was according to Locke America and there was a lot of land which was seemingly unowned, and hence the acquisition of land by an individual did not in any way tend to infringe on another individual’s capacity to acquire land as there was no evident scarcity of land to own (Locke Sec. 36), this supposition can be seen to not hold true in the modern day world as the rapid population increase that has been experienced around the world has caused there to be numerous persons across the world who despite their engagement in labor activities, still cannot be able to own any land or own any housing property. This is despite there being some individuals happen to own thousands of acres of land or various properties that remain vacant for very long stretches of time without having any human habitation. It is primarily in respect to this that I strongly support the argument that the current unequal possession of the earth has essentially be en imposed by most men by those that happen to be stronger than them. My current perception is that if all men were to be granted equal opportunity and resources, all men would desire to and eventually own land. Locke points out that money has been of great aid in the promotion of the unequal and disproportionate possession of the

The basic principles of MR image production Essay

The basic principles of MR image production - Essay Example In this essay, safety issues and hazards of MRI will be discussed and methods for safe imaging will be explored through review of suitable literature. MRI is a "way of obtaining very detailed images of organs and tissues throughout the body without the need for x-rays or "ionizing" radiation. Instead, MRI uses a powerful magnetic field, radio waves, rapidly changing magnetic fields, and a computer to create images that show whether or not there is an injury, disease process, or abnormal condition present" (Patient-Safety MRI, 2010). MRI has turned out to be an excellent investigation tool because of it ability to provide good contrast between various tissues in a particular region. For example, in the brain, a good contrast is provided between white matter, gray matter and cerebrospinal fluid (Diwadkar and Keshavan, 2002). The technology of MRI mainly employs 3 components for imaging and they are pulsed radio-frequency fields or RF, high static magnetic field and time-varying gradient electromagnetic fields or EMF (Roboman et al, 2006). For the purpose of MR imaging, the patient is placed in a "large, tunnel or doughnut-shaped dev ice that is open at both ends" (Patient-Safety MRI, 2010) (Refer Figure-1). The examination causes no pain or tissue injury, although loud noises are heard during the procedure. There is also a risk of mechanical injury due to ferromagnetic objects kept in the scanning room unintentionally. The main hazards concerned with magnetic fields are interactions with the equipment and interactions with human tissue. As far as human tissue interactions are concerned, the most worrisome interactions are with blood flow, ears and cardiac cycle (De Wilde et al, 2007). The main safety issues which are of concern on exposure to high static magnetic field are are both mechanical and biological effects and their consequences. In clinical MRI scanning, the strength of magnets used range between

Impact of Latest Little Ice Age on Human Population

Impact of Latest Little Ice Age on Human Population William Lee Nowadays, the presence of Ice Ages which refer to the periodic long-term reduction in temperature of Earth’s surface and atmosphere, is well-known among people. However, most of them never heard of how another kind of geographical phenomenon, Little Ice Age (LIA), occurring from the fourteenth to the nineteenth centuries, influenced our culture, technology and our world today. Can you imagine how our lifestyle would be influenced? Can you imagine how the world would be totally different if it had never suffered from the LIA? This essay will discuss about what the LIA brought to our ancient ancestors and how it affected the world today. Let’s see what is meant by LIA. Distinct from the ice age, which refers to the long-term alternations between glacial periods and interglacial periods lasting for millions of years, the little ice age is another geographical terminology used to describe a pre-modern time period starting roughly from the 14th century, lasting until 19th century. During the LIA, the Earth was chilled by a sudden cooling and the average temperature of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere decreased by 2 degree centigrade than before. This enormous change was usually considered as the effect of solar activity variation (Lesley M. Smith,1997) and the relative position of Earth while rotating around the sun (John A. Eddy,1976). Some new researches also suggest other causes for the LIA, such as increased volcanic activity (Jonathan Cowie, 2007), or altered ocean current flows (Broecker WS, 2000). Due to the relatively higher latitude of land in the north hemisphere, the LIA had a predominant influence on the Eurasia continent rather than others. Meanwhile, most of human civilizations were gathering on the Old Continent. Reasonably the unexpected visit of this drastic change on climate affected human activities in such a complex way that is not easy to tell. However, we do can find some clues and records remained in the history, which can help us figure out the complicated process of change gradually. In order to analysis the impact of the LIA easily, we can try to make a clear image of human cultures by summarizing the status of every civilizations including empires, realms, kingdoms and independent regions existing during this period. At the beginning of 14th century, the Mongol Horde just invaded European countries and at the same time, China in the eastern world had been, for the first time, under foreign rule of Mongolian for already several decades. The Hundred Year’s War was just about to start and Italy was leading Europe to step into the period of Renaissance. A new dynasty called Ming arose after Chinese people stood up to fight against the cruel foreign rulers and in the next three hundred years, the prolonged war fire on the land of China finally came into a short time of peace. In fact, a storm was approaching silently, like the volcano hidden under the sea, it would erupt at any moment†¦Black Death killed a third of population in Europe. Russian and Norse begun to explore new lands†¦ In the fifteenth century, as Constantinople, the pivot on the way to the East, fell to the emerging Ottoman Turks, Western Europeans had to find a new trade route. The forthcoming Age of Sail allows Spanish and Portuguese explorers led to the first European sightings of the New Land (America and other virgin islands) and the sea passage along Cape of Good Hope to India. Then in the sixteenth century, thanks to the Queen Victoria, Britain became a super power on which† the sun never set†, and began to expand its territory all over the world. The Era of Colonization came with spread of culture, disease, thoughts, technology†¦ A peak of chilling little ice age came in the beginning of seventeenth century. The production of crops kept in a low level due to the persistent low temperature. Ming Dynasty collapsed under a series of peasants uprisings. Revolutions for independence or freedom of thought dominated the eighteenth century. And then Industrial Revolution accelerated the world into thrive. Now we have already got a rough image about the corresponding history. But still, how is these historical events linked with the LIA? Here is an example illustrating the LIA’s impact on agricultures. Since the beginning of fourteenth century, the cold weather and heavy storms swept Europe. Crops and livestock were enormously destroyed. Crises arose as political struggles and class warfare weakened those previously prosperous countries. Millions of people starved to death. Cannibalism was even recorded during the Great Famine, which lasted for at least a decade. According to Lamb (1966)’s report, the growing season varied by 15% to 20% between the warmest and coldest times of the millennium. This is fairly enough to adversely influence any type of food production. Without modern technology, such as protection of warm house, seeds especially those highly adapted to warm conditions, could hardly survive this change. In order to adapt increasingly unpredictable climates, farmers begun to experiment with new agricultural techniques and equipment (J. Cohen, 2012). This led to the Agriculture Revolution in Europe. In addition, the LIA also caused significant effect on economy, especially in Europe. Because of the Great Famine, heavy storms and growing glaciers, a large area of farmland was destroyed, which led to decreased tax revenue collected (Lamb,1995). Maritime activities were also limited by expanding glaciers, which caused a huge impact to the fishery and oversea trading (Lamb,1995).Miners lost their jobs due to the advancing glaciers as well. (Bryson, 1977.) However, not all of those influences were bad. One of the four greatest fisheries in the world, the fishery along the Newfoundland coast, was founded by fishermen who were looking for new fish stocks in result of the movement of colder water (Lamb, 1995). The LIA also brought great politic change to both western and oriental world. In China, the LIA made most of the participation shift towards south. This caused frequent droughts all over the provinces of China. The most severe one of them lasted for at least seventy years. Along with several massive earthquakes happening at the same time, this huge but declining agricultural country was finally defeated by corrupted bureaucracy and the Manchurian invaders from the northeast, who took advantage of the power vacuum and crossed the Great Wall, later on established the Qing Dynasty (Kezhen Zhu, 1972) In west Europe, â€Å"as the 18th century drew to a close, two decades of poor cereal harvests, drought, cattle disease and skyrocketing bread prices had kindled unrest among peasants and the urban poor in France.† (J. Cohen, 2012) Many people who managed to express their disaffection yet failed eventually decided to rise up and fight the government which imposed heavy taxes. Therefore, the brewing storm broke in 1789, while the French Revolution incurred. Many historians believe that that was somehow connected to the LIA. Although a large amount of evidences indicate that the LIA actually influenced ancient civilizations in various ways, there are still arguments disapproving this opinion. The theory which explains human history as an outcome of effects from geographical factors, or â€Å"human habits and characteristics of a particular culture are shaped by geographical conditions† as the dictionary explains, is called geographical determinism. Criticisms point out that the theory exaggerates the effect of natural environment on the development of human society. It is obviously incorrect to substitute natural law for social law. The geographical environment is one of necessary external conditions for human society to develop, admittedly, it affects considerably society as well. Nevertheless, it is absolutely not the determinant of development of human society. In fact, its effect may decrease as the human society goes forward. Other criticisms focus on the explanation that historical events are considered as inevitable trend or irresistible outcome of some natural factors. For example, they think that it’s unreasonable to impute the collapse of Ming Dynasty of China to the little ice age alone. The corrosion of government and bureaucracy along with the policy of seclusion which caused the stagnation of technology development, are also critical reasons for the declination of China (Calebjael, 2014). In conclusion, history is a long and complicated story written by every person, every movement, everything which has ever existed in the past time. Geographical factors, such as the presence of little ice age, will inevitably play an essential role in the history, especially in the ancient time. Today, our developments on technology allow us to do whatever we want to do, in spite of the nature. However, it takes price. Our achievement today mostly depends on what the nature gave to our ancestors. We should learn with respect what our ancestors encountered and how they dealt with them, what lesson they did take and what we should do in the future. The little ice age influenced human beings’ society from aspects including agriculture, economics, politics and cultures, etc. and therefore determined the life today to some extent. Our thoughts should be never limited in the little ice age. There are so many other geographical factors and historical events awaiting for us to explore . The attempt of discovering our history never ends. Reference List: Albion C. 2014. Impact of The Little Ice Age in Europe. Accessed on 28 June, 2015. Available from http://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?36426-Impact-of-The-Little-Ice-Age-in-Europe Brian M. Fagan 2000. The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History, 1300-1850. Publisher: Basic Books Imbrie J.; Imbrie K.P (1979). Ice ages: solving the mystery. Short Hills NJ: Enslow Publishers. ISBN 978-0-89490-015-0. Accessed on 20 April 2015. Jennie Cohen 2012. Little Ice Age, Big Consequences. Accessed on 15 March, 2015. Available from http://www.history.com/news/little-ice-age-big-consequences Jonathan Cowie 2007.Climate change: biological and human aspects. Publisher: Cambridge University Press Kelly Morgan, 2010 The economic impact of the little ice age. Accessed on 20 April 2015. Available from http://researchrepository.ucd.ie/handle/10197/2649 K. Kris Hirst,2010 The Little Ice Age and Polynyas. Accessed on 20 April 2015. Available from http://archaeology.about.com/od/arctic/fl/The-Little-Ice-Age-How-Human-Cultures-Respond-to-Climate-Change_2.htm Peter J. Robinson 2005. The Little Ice Age, Ca. 1300 – 1870. Accessed on 16 March, 2015. Available from http://www.eh-resources.org/timeline/timeline_lia.html Scott A. Mandia, 2010 The Little Ice Age in Europe. Accessed on 20 April, 2015. Available from http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/lia/little_ice_age.html

A comparison of the contemporary labour and conservative parties in britain

The long history of political rivalry in Great Britain has always been between the Conservative and Labour Parties. National leaders who were representative of both come and go in the same way as the popularity of both parties rise and fall over decades.Labor Party’s Tony Blair was able to bring back the party into the limelight where it was previously before 1970s. Its close rival party, the Conservatives has enjoyed the prestige during the seventies when the Labour Party made countless mistakes, or shall we say unsound decisions on labor issues and policies.CNN News called that particular labor issue as the party’s â€Å"tailspin† which includes Labor-spending policies, which brought Britain to an economic situation where it shamefully needs to seek for the assistance of the World Bank through a bailout loan (Blystone, Richard). A year called â€Å"Winter of Discontent† which ran from 1978 to 1979 turned the popularity of the Labour Party upside down. Th e worst thing that could ever happen as a consequence of the yearlong discontent was to lose the seat in the next election.The Labour Party was losing support as more and more people go to the streets and join rallies. That year, there were about 4.6 million workers to go on strike causing the British economy around 29 million workdays. Part of the protests against the Labour government was to let their garbage remain uncollected in the streets which indicate that no one would want to go out work during those days.In 1980, the Labour Party’s fear of losing the election came as had never been expected after rumblings of discontent with William Hague's leadership. Margaret Thatcher of the Conservative Party beat the Labour’s representative in the national elections. It was also important to mention that the Conservative Party won a majority of 33 seats in the Parliament. After Thatcher’s victory, the Labour Party did not have any chance of winning over the Conserv atives for 18 years.Thatcher was the first woman in the British political party who work hand in hand with John Powell to bring the Conservative Party into a strong political party after losing in the 1974 elections. Conservatives have also undergone erratic relationships within the party, members come and go and move to and from other parties especially on cases where there are major disagreements in its member. With Powell and Thatcher, things got better this time. Their strategy to bring back the popularity of the Conservatives was to take the opportunity to win the hearts and trust of the people during the â€Å"Winter of Discontent†.They made use of the media to make people believe that the government should not in any way have an involvement in the social and economic matters. â€Å"Thatcher constructed a new social base of support for her party that came less from the traditional conservatives' backers, the upper classes and landed gentry, than from the middle classes and skilled workers who felt increasingly discontent and unrepresented by the traditional policies and orientations of the two major political parties† (Rasmussen, et.al. 1995).Thatcher’s gained popularity through the Conservative Party enabled her to win the 1979 elections first, because of the discontent of the people on labor issues the year before the elections. Second, it might have been because the people wanted another leader outside the Labour government since the latter was not able to make labour concerns a priority in running their government. Lastly, the British have known Thatcher as directly opposed to the labour ideas of the Labour government and of course a campaign have promised the people to have such labor disputes a priority in the next elections which they won.Thatcher was a witty leader in his own right. She won the 1983 elections after having it scheduled at the time when victory over Falkland Islands against Argentina was still fresh. Timely wit h the British economic growth, Thatcher still swept the 1987 elections which let her stay in power until 1990.   But Thatcher failed to bring the Conservatives back in power in the 1990 elections. Although Thatcher was undoubtedly popular at that time, and that Thatcher was known for her sound leadership in dealing with the internal conflicts within her own party, John Major brought her down this time.There were issues which attributed Thatcher’s lost of support from her own party because of her hesitation to support European integration. In this regard, Thatcher compromised her political position when she directly opposed to the general opinion of the British people towards the integration.One more thing was the Thatcher’s poll tax which taxed registered voters to replace property taxes collected by local councils and which was widely viewed as regressive by taxing the lower income strata more heavily than the upper classes. With the leadership of John Major, the is sue of poll tax was little by little eradicated.

Steam Distillation

CONTENTS CONTENTS| PAGES| 1) Abstract| 2-3| 2) Introduction| 4-6| 3) Objectives, Materials and Apparatus, Chemicals| 7| 4) Method| 8| 5) Results| 9-11| 6) Discussion| 12| 7) Conclusion| 13-14| 8) References| 15| ABSTRACT This experiment is about steam distillation by using Dalton’s Law. The objectives of this experiment are to demonstrate a separation of a mixture by using steam distillation and next to prove that Dalton’ Law and ideal gas law are applicable in steam distillation. Dalton’s Law; While Ideal Gas Law; This experiment is conducted by placing 2mL of Turpentine and 15mL of water into the flask. 0mL graduated cylinder is used as the receiver. All the connections are make sure tighten. Next,two boiling chips are added to ensure smooth bubbling and prevent bumping of the liquid up into the distillation head. The heating mantle is adjusted to give vigorous boiling. The first 1. 5mL of distillate is discarded and the next 5mL is collected. The volumes of th e water and turpentine layers in this distillate are recorded. The recorded volume is then compared with the ideal steam distillation law using the tabulated vapour pressure and densities. The volume of water and turpentine recorded are:Turpentine=1. 7mL Water=3. 3mL turpentine -_-_-_-_-_-_-| -_-_–_-_-_-_Water-_-_-_-_-_-_–_-_-_-_-_-_–_-_-_-_-_-_–_-_-_-_-_-_-| In conclusion,it is proven that turpentine and water can be separated using the steam distillation. INTRODUCTION Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures states that for a mixture of gases in a container, the total pressure is equal to the sum of the pressures of each gas. Where P1 is the partial pressure of gas 1, P2 is the partial pressure of gas 2, and so on†¦ OR In the experiment of the steam distillation,we applied the Dalton’s Law of Partiaal Pressure combined with Ideal Gas Law.Steam distillation is a special type of distillation (a separation process) for temperature sensitive materials like natural aromatic compounds. Steam distillation is employed in the manufacture of essential oil, for instance, perfumes. In this method steam is passed through the plant material containing the desired oils. It is also employed in the synthetic procedures of complex organic compounds. Eucalyptus oil and orange oil are obtained by this method in industrial scale. Figure 1 : Laboratory set-up for steam distillationDistillation Temperature and Composition of Distillate As with ordinary distillations, the boiling point is the temperature at which the total vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure. If the vapor pressures of the two components are known at several temperatures, the distillation temperature is found readily by plotting the vapor pressure curves of the individual components and making a third curve showing the sum of the vapor pressures at the various temperature. The steam distillation temperatures will be the point where the sum equals the atmospheric pressure.K nowing the distillation temperature of the mixture and the vapor pressures of the pure components at that temperature, one can calculate the composition of the distillate by means of Dalton’s law of partial pressures. According to Dalton’s law, the total pressure(P) in any mixture of gases is equal to sum of the partial pressures of the individual gaseous components (? A , ? B, etc). The proportion by volume of the two components in the distilling vapor will consequently be equal to the ratio of the partial pressures at that temperature; the molar proportion of the two components (?A and ? B) in steam distillation will be given by the relationship ? A/? B = ? A/ ? B, where ? A + ? B equals the atmospheric pressure. The weight proportion of the components is obtained by introducing the molecular weight (MA and MB) Weight of A / weight of B = (? A x MA) / (? B x MB) Example . Consider a specific case, such as the steam distillation of bromobenzene and water. Since the su m of the individual vapor pressures (see Figure below) attains 760 mm at 95. 2? , the mixture will distill at this temperature. At 95. 2? the vapor pressures are bromobenzene, 120mm and water, 640mm. ccording to Dalton’s law, the vapor at 95. 2? will be composed of molecules of bromobenzene and of water in the proportion 120:640. the proportion by weight of the components can be obtained by introducing their molecular weights. Weight of bromobenze / weight of water = (120 x 157)/(640 x 18) = 1. 63/1. 00 Bromobenzene= {1. 63/(1. 00 + 1. 63)} x 100% = 62% Water = {1. 00/(1. 00 + 1. 63)} x 100% = 38% The weight composition of the distillate will therefore be 62% bromobenzene and 38% water. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate a separation of a mixture by using steam distillation MATERIALS/APPARATUS/EQUIPMENT 00 ml round-bottomed flask, 50 ml Erlenmeyer flask, stoppers, naphthalene, salicylic acid. METHOD Steam Distillation of Turpentine 1. The apparatus for steam distillation are arranged a s shown in Figure 1. 50 ml of distilling flask and 10 ml graduated cylinder is used as the receiver. 2. In the flask, 5 ml, (4. 3g) of turpentine ( bp 156-165 at 760 mm) and 15 ml, of water is placed. 3. Two boiling chips are added and the heating mantle is adjusted to give vigorous boiling. It is essential for the success of this experiment that the mixture boiled rapidly with good mixing of the two phases.Because the point of this experiment is to measure an equilibrium composition and the initial distillate may not have time to equilibrate, the first 1. 5 ml of distillate is discarded and the next 5 ml is collected. 4. The volumes of the water and the turpentine layers at this distillate are recorded. 5. The ratio of the volumes actually found is compared with the ratio calculated from the ideal steam distillation law using the tabulated vapor pressure and densities. 6. The distillation temperature observed is compared with the calculated value. RESULTS turpentine -_-_-_-_-_-_-| _-_–_-_-_-_Water-_-_-_-_-_-_–_-_-_-_-_-_–_-_-_-_-_-_–_-_-_-_-_-_-| Turpentine = 5. 0mL Water = 15. 0mL Weight composition: Water = 15. 0 x 100 20. 0 = 75 % Turpentine = 5. 0 x 100 20. 0 = 25 % The weight composition that will be distillate will be 75 % water and 25 % turpentine. After the mixture have been distilled, here is the result: Total volume of distillate = 5. 0mL Turpentine = 1. 7mL Water = 3. 3mL Weight composition: Water = 3. 3 x 100 5. 0 = 66 % Turpentine = 1. 7 x 100 5. 0 = 34 % Ratio of turpentine to water : Turpentine : Water 0. 34 : 0. 66Weight of turpentine/ Weight of water = [0. 34 x [12(10)+1(16)]] / [0. 66 x [1(2)+1(16)]] = (0. 34 x 136) / (0. 66 x 18) = 46. 24 / 11. 88 = 3. 8923 Turpentine = [ 46. 24 / (46. 24+11. 88) ] x 100% = 79. 5595 % Water = [ 11. 88/ (46. 24+11. 88) ] x 100% = 20. 4405 % Temperature, T/C| Volume of distillate, V/mL| 94| 1st 1. 5mL| 94| 1| 94| 2| 94| 3| 94| 4| 94| 5| DISCUSSION 1. What properties must a substanc e have for a steam distillation to be practical? For steam distillation of a substance to be carried out, the substance must be heat sensitive. It must possess a lower boiling point than water.This method is also advisable for highly volatile liquids because highly volatile liquids denatures at high temperatures. 2. What are the advantages and the disadvantages of steam distillation as a method of purification? Among the advantages of steam distillation is organic compounds which is steam distilled will evaporate at lower temperatures, most probably below their temperature of denaturation. Besides that, heat sensitive aromatic compounds which cannot be distilled by direct heating can be processed. On the other hand, the disadvantages of this method are this method is not exactly suitable for all types of aromatic oils.Only certain types of aromatic oils are suitable to be processed using this method. Furthermore the heat is difficult to control causing the rate of distillation to be variable. -Our group apparatus got some problems. The turpentine that has been distillated accumulated at the joint of the apparatus. This is because the apparatus less slope, leads the turpentine to accumulate, resulting long time to collect the distillated turpentine. CONCLUSION Steam distillation is a special type of distillation (a separation process) for temperature sensitive materials like natural aromatic compounds.Many organic compounds tend to decompose at high sustained temperatures. Separation by normal distillation would then not be an option, so water or steam is introduced into the distillation apparatus. By adding water or steam, the boiling points of the compounds are depressed, allowing them to evaporate at lower temperatures, preferably below the temperatures at which the deterioration of the material becomes appreciable. Therefore, as the conclusion, it is proven that turpentine and water can be separated by using steam distillation.It is also known that water ha s a higher density than turpentine. Next, Dalton's law (also called Dalton's law of partial pressures) states that the total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in a gas mixture. This empirical law was observed by John Dalton in 1801 and is related to the ideal gas laws. On the other hand, the ideal gas law is stated as the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It is a good approximation to the behavior of many gases under many conditions, although it has several limitationsTherefore, as both of these laws are involved, we can conclude that both Dalton’s Law and Ideal Gas Law are applicable in steam distillation. Based on the result of the experiment, water contains 80% and turpentine contain 20% portion. Some errors might have occurred during the experiment that caused the results to be differed from the theory. During the experiment, the apparatus must handle carefully because it is easily broken. To increase the accuracy of the result, thermometer is used in the flask so we can read the temperature in the flask.We must use stopper to close the flask because it can avoid the water vapour escape to the environment REFERENCES John R. Dean, Alan M. Jones, David Holmes, Rob Reed, Jonathan Weyers and Allan Jones (2002). Practical Skills in Chemistry. Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Great Britain: Prentice-Hall Carl W. Garland, Joseph W. Nibler, David P. Shoemaker, (2003). Experiments In Physical Chemistry. 7th Edition. New York, N. Y. : McGraw-Hill Umland and Bellama (1999). General Chemistry. 3rd ed. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company APPENDICES Steam Distillation Experiment 2: Isolation of Eugenol from Cloves Background; Readings on Vapor pressure, Raoult’s Law from TRO: A mixture of the essential oils, eugenol and acetyleugenol, will be steam distilled from cloves. These compounds are isolated from aqueous distillate by extraction into dichloromethane. The dichloromethane solution is shaken with aqueous sodium hydroxide, which will react with eugenol, to yield the sodium salt of eugenol in the basic aqueous layer, and acetyleugenol in the organic layer. The basic aqueous layer can be acidified to re-extract eugenol from it.And the organic layer can be dried and concentrated to yield acetyleugenol The principle of steam distillation is based on the fact that two immiscible liquids will boil at a lower temperature than the boiling points of either pure component, because the total vapor pressure of the heterogeneous mixture is simply the sum of the vapor pressures of the individual components (i. e. PT = PoA + PoB, where Po is the vapor pressure of the pure liquids). This leads to a higher vapor pressure for the mixture than would be predicted for a solution using Raoult’s Law(applies for iscible mixtures) (that is PT = Po(A)n(A) + Po(B)n(B), where n is the mole fraction of the component in the mixture). The higher total vapor pressure leads to a lower boiling point for the mixture than for either single component. The boiling point of eugenol, an oil found in cloves, is 248  °C, but it can be isolated at a lower temperature by performing a co-distillation with water. Steam distillation allows separating substances at lower temperatures which is useful since many organic compounds tend to decompose at high temperatures which regular distillation would require.For steam distillation to be successful, the material to be isolated must be insoluble in water. Usually   these compounds have a low vapour pressure. After mixing them with water, however, the mixture will distil when the sum of the two vapour pre ssures reaches atmospheric pressure. It follows, then, that this must happen below the boiling point of water. Note that by steam distillation, as long as water is present, the high-boiling component vaporizes at a temperature well below its normal boiling point without using a vacuum.Since eugenol is not soluble in water, the concentration of the eugenol in the vapor over the boiling eugenol– water suspension does not depend on concentration of the eugenol. The relative amounts of eugenol and water in the vapor simply depend on the vapor pressures of the pure materials. The vapor pressure of water at 100  °C is 760 torr, and the vapor pressure of eugenol at 100  °C is approximately 4 torr; (Note, the suspension boils when it’s vapor pressure is equal to the external pressure.Since both the eugenol and the water are contributing to the vapor pressure of the suspension, the suspension will boil before either pure substance would normally boil. ) Since the distillate will contain both water and eugenol, the eugenol must be extracted from the water using an organic solvent. Once the eugenol is extracted into an organic solvent,the organic layer is separated from the aqueous layer and dried. The eugenol is finally isolated by evaporation of the organic solvent. When   the sum of the separate vapor pressures equals the total pressure, he mixture boils and P =P(A) + P(B) Where PA is vapor pressure of pure water A PB is vapor pressure of pure B 1 Then the vapor composition is Y (A)= PA/P Y(B) =PB/P Dalton’s Law: PAV1 = nART1 and PBV2 = nBRT2 V1 = V2 and T1 = T2 n = moles, The ratio moles of B distilled to moles of A distilled is OH OCH3 OAc OCH3 Eugenol AcetyleugenolObjectives: To extract Eugenol and Acetyleugeonol from cloves To separate the mixture of eugenol and acetyleugenol using their acid- ­? base properties. To characterize eugenol and acetyleugenol using TLC(Rf values) andRefractive index. Glassware: Beaker to mass the cloves, Er lenmeyer flasks(2, 50- ­? ml), storage container+ distillation glassware(there should be an assembly in the fume hood) Procedure: Week 1: Steam Distillation Place 10 g of whole cloves (ground using a mortar and pestle by the teacher) in a 100-mL round-bottom flask, add 50 mL of water, and set up an apparatus for simple distillation- steam (will be set up in the fumehood and you can draw the set up while in the lab) will be generated in situ(50 ml of water added to the flask will generate the steam).Heat the flask until boiling begins, then reduce the heat just enough to prevent foam from being carried over into the receiver. Use a 50-mL Erlenmeyer flask as a receiver(the distillate will collect in the flask thro a funnel) and transfer periodically your distillate to a 50-mL graduated cylinder. While you have removed one receiver, do not forget to replace the Erlenmeyer flask with a second one(that is clean and dry). 2 Caution: It is important that the cloves remain covered with wa ter at all times. Or else, the cloves will burn and smoke!Also, the distillation has to be steady. If not the mixture will foam and the foam will drop down the condenser into the receiving flask. And this would contaminate the distillate. Save the distillate in a tightly capped bottle for the following week. Week 2: Separation of Eugenol and Acetyleugenol via acid/base extraction Place the 50 mL of distillate in a 125-mL separatory funnel and extract with three 10-mL portions of dichloromethane. Combine the dichloromethane extracts and reserve 1 mL for thin layer chromatography. teacher will explain this step) To separate eugenol from acetyleugenol: pour back the dichloromethane extracts into the separatory funnel, extract the dichloromethane solution with 5% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Carry out this extraction three times, using 5-mL portions of sodium hydroxide each time. KEEP the aqueous extracts (it contains eugenol) and dry the organic layer over sodium sulfate (add eno ugh so the drying agent no longer clumps together but appears to be a dry powder as it settles in the solution).Swirl the flask to complete the drying process and let the drying agent settle for 1 minute before decanting into a DRY and TARED Erlenmeyer flask, rinse the drying agent with two 2-mL portions of dichloromethane. Evaporate the solution on a steam bath, the residue should be aetyleugenol. Acidify the combined aqueous extracts to pH 1 with concentrated hydrochloric acid (use Litmus paper to monitor the pH), and then extract the eugenol with three 5-mL portions of dichloromethane.Dry the combined extracts over sodium sulfate, as done before, decant into a DRY and TARED Erlenmeyer flask, and evaporate the solution on a steam bath, the residue should be eugenol. Cleaning Up: Combine all aqueous layers, neutralize with sodium carbonate, dilute with water, and flush down the drain. Any solutions containing dichloromethane should be placed in the halogenated organic waste contain er. Wash up all glassware with soap and water. Analysis: Calculate the weight percent yields of eugenol and acetyleugenol oils based on the weight of cloves used. Analyze your products sing refraction index. Analyze your products using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Eluent: dicloromethane-hexane (1:2 or 2:1)Vizualization: under UV light and iodine chamber AS Co AE AS – Acetyleugenol Standard Co – Co-spot AE – Acetyleugenol Extract ES Co EE ES – Eugenol Standard Co – Co-spot EE – Eugenol Extract ES Co CM ES – Eugenol Standard Co – Co-spot CM – Crude Mixture First a TLC plate is prepared by spotting the purified unknown and an authentic sample of each possible compound. Then the TLC plate is developed. For the next step (co-spotting), an authentic sample of the 3 ompound closest in Rf value to the unknown is chosen. TLC co-spotting of a second plate allows for preliminary identification of your compound. Three spots are applied to the adsorbent on the baseline of the TLC plate: the purified unknown, an authentic sample, and a co-spot of unknown and authentic sample. If the developed TLC plate shows only one row of spots, it can be concluded that the unknown has been purifed, and that the unknown is possibly the same compound as the authentic sample.However, because Rf values are relative, not absolute, some compounds may have very similar Rf values Pre- ­? ab: FOR WEEK 1 only: All the required formulae for the caculations have been presented here. Hence googling is not required. MSDS is required for the following chemicals: Eugenol and acetyl eugenol. Pre- ­? lab should be complete to the best of your ability before the lab. Answers will be discussed during the lab. For the procedure : You will draw the glassware set up when you come to the lab; Just come prepared with titles, objectives, MSDS. Questions from pre-lab should ensure that you have understood the theory behind WEEK 1 ; Distillation . 1a. What is the vapour pressure of benzene at 80 egrees celcius. Explain the term vapour pressure. 1b. What is an azeotrope? How would the term azeotrope apply in this experiment? 2a. The vapor pressure of water at 99oC is 733 torr. What is the vapor pressure of eugenol that codistills at this temperature? The amount of the substance X that co- ­? distills together with the water is given by Pwater/px = nwater/nx n(water) = moles of water n(X)= moles of Eugenol 2b. Calculate the mass of eugenol that co-distills with each gram of water at 99oC. How many grams of water must be distilled to steam distill 2 grams of eugenol from an aqueous solution?Calculate mass% for both eugenol and water. 3. What is the difference between essential oil and fatty oil? What would be suitable IUPAC name for eugenol and acetyl eugenol? 4. Based on the formulae presented so far, cite one disadvantage of steam distillation of organic compounds. 5. Steam distillation may be used to separate a mixture of 4- ­? nitrophenol and 2- ­? nitrophenol. The 2- ­? nitrophenol distills at 93 degrees but the 4- ­? nitrophenol does not. Explain. 6. List your observations during the lab: Record the temperatures at various times, nature of the distillate, odour†¦.. 4